Chapter 3

Footnote 3

n.3Website

The Difference Between a Town and a City; Plus Counties, Villages and More.

Fernald, Austin · 2024

details

Footnote 4

n.4Website

Department of Commerce, Economics and Statistics Administration, and Bureau of the Census

U.S · 1994

details

Footnote 5

n.5Website

Cities 101—Types of Local US Governments.

National League of Cities · 2016

details

Footnote 6

n.6Website

Department of Commerce, Economics and Statistics Administration, and Bureau of the Census

U.S · 1994

details

Footnote 7

n.7Website

Department of Commerce, Economics and Statistics Administration, and Bureau of the Census

U.S · 1994

details

Footnote 8

n.8Website

The Oldest Cities in the U.S. Mapped.

Egoshin, Alex · 2022

details

Footnote 9

n.9Website

Department of Commerce, Economics and Statistics Administration, and Bureau of the Census

U.S · 1994

details

Footnote 10

n.10Website

The Difference Between a Town and a City; Plus Counties, Villages and More.

Fernald, Austin · 2024

details

Footnote 13

n.13Website

Revised Charter of the City & County of Honolulu 1973 (2017 Edition).

City and County of Honolulu · 2021

details
n.13PDF

St. Augustine Beach, Florida—Code of Ordinances/Charter Laws.

Municode · 2023

details

Footnote 14

n.14Website

Art. II, § 5.

Charter of Alaska

details
n.14Website

Local Constitutions.

Davidson, Nestor M · 2021

details

Footnote 20

n.20Book

Cities 101—Delegation of Power.

National League of Cities

details

Footnote 22

n.22Book

Cities 101—Delegation of Power.

National League of Cities

details

Footnote 25

n.25Website

MO Rev Stat § 81.020 (2022).

Justia · 2022

details

Footnote 26

n.26Website

Inventory of Municipal Forms of Government in New Jersey.

New Jersey Legislative District Data Book · 2011

details
n.26Website

The Missouri Roster 2021–2022: A Directory of State, District, County and Federal Officials.

Ashcroft, John R · 2021

details

Footnote 31

n.31PDF

Inventory of Municipal Forms of Government in New Jersey.

New Jersey Legislative District Data Book · 2011

details
n.31PDF

Types of Charters.

University of Tennessee Municipal Technical Advisory Service (MTAS) · 2021

details

Footnote 34

n.34Website

City and Town Classification.

Municipal Research and Services Center (MRSC) · 2024

details

Footnote 40

n.40Website

Principles of Home Rule for the 21st Century

Anthony, Clarence E · 2023

details
n.40Website

The Right to Vote under Local Law.

Douglas, Joshua A · 2017

details

Footnote 41

n.41PDF

NY created an agency to OK wind and solar projects quickly. Upstate towns aren't happy.

Zambito, Thomas C · 2022

details

Footnote 42

n.42Website

Compendium of the Catechism of the Catholic Church

Pope Benedict XVI · 2005

details

Footnote 48

n.48Website

What's So Special about Special Districts? A Citizen's Guide to Special Districts in California

California Senate Local Government Committee · 2010

details

Footnote 50

n.50PDF

Form of Government.

Kentucky League of Cities · 2023

details

Footnote 51

n.51Website

Knowing Your Roles: City and Town Governments.

Municipal Research and Services Center (MRSC) · 2024

details

Footnote 52

n.52Website

Knowing Your Roles: City and Town Governments.

Municipal Research and Services Center (MRSC) · 2024

details

Footnote 53

n.53Website

Cities 101—Mayoral Powers.

National League of Cities · 2016

details

Footnote 54

n.54Website

Commission Form of City Government.

Rice, Bradley R · 1995

details

Footnote 55

n.55Book

Municipal Form of Government (2018–19).

International County-City Management Association (ICMA) · 2018

details

Footnote 56

n.56Book

Municipal Form of Government (2018–19).

International County-City Management Association (ICMA) · 2018

details

Footnote 57

n.57Website

Steel, and Nicholas P

Simon, Christopher A., Brent S · 2019

details

Footnote 59

n.59PDF

Portland Voters Approve Charter Reform, City Launches Transition.

City of Portland · 2022

details

Footnote 60

n.60Website

Commission Form of City Government.

Rice, Bradley R · 1995

details

Footnote 61

n.61Book

Municipal Form of Government (2018–19).

International County-City Management Association (ICMA) · 2018

details

Footnote 63

n.63Website

Model City Charter

National Civic League · 2011

details

Footnote 65

n.65Website

Model City Charter

National Civic League · 2011

details

Footnote 66

n.66PDF

Steel, and Nicholas P

Simon, Christopher A., Brent S · 2019

details

Footnote 67

n.67Book

Municipal Form of Government (2018–19).

International County-City Management Association (ICMA) · 2018

details

Footnote 69

n.69PDF

Steel, and Nicholas P

Simon, Christopher A., Brent S · 2019

details

Footnote 70

n.70PDF

Steel, and Nicholas P

Simon, Christopher A., Brent S · 2019

details

Footnote 71

n.71PDF

Steel, and Nicholas P

Simon, Christopher A., Brent S · 2019

details

Footnote 73

n.73Website

FAQ: Question 6.

National Sheriffs' Association · 2021

details

Footnote 75

n.75Website

Why Become a City?

McCarthy, Jean · 1999

details

Footnote 76

n.76Website

Local Government 101.

Ouellette, John · 2023

details
n.76Book

U.S. Government Bookstore.

GPO

details

Footnote 77

n.77Video

A New England Tradition.

The Recorder · 2015

details

Footnote 78

n.78Book

Municipal Form of Government (2018–19).

International County-City Management Association (ICMA) · 2018

details

Footnote 79

n.79Website

An Enduring System of Local Deliberative Democracy: The 21st Century Legal and Normative Structure of Massachusetts Town Meeting.

Townsend, Rebecca and Carmin C · 2022

details

Footnote 80

n.80Book

Municipal Form of Government (2018–19).

International County-City Management Association (ICMA) · 2018

details

Footnote 82

n.82Book

Town and Township Government in the United States.

National Association of Towns and Townships

details

Footnote 83

n.83PDF

A Space for Faith: The Colonial Meeting Houses of New England.

Wainwright, Paul · 2010

details

Footnote 85

n.85Book

Municipal Form of Government (2018–19).

International County-City Management Association (ICMA) · 2018

details

Footnote 86

n.86Book

Municipal Form of Government (2018–19).

International County-City Management Association (ICMA) · 2018

details

Footnote 88

n.88Video

Municipal Form of Government (2018–19).

International County-City Management Association (ICMA) · 2018

details

Footnote 89

n.89Book

Town and Township Government in the United States.

National Association of Towns and Townships

details

Footnote 90

n.90Website

The Difference Between a Town and a City; Plus Counties, Villages and More.

Fernald, Austin · 2021

details

Footnote 91

n.91Website

Townships in the U.S.

Michigan Townships Association · 2023

details

Footnote 92

n.92Book

Town and Township Government in the United States.

National Association of Towns and Townships

details

Footnote 97

n.97Website

Criminal Municipal Courts.

Natapoff, Alexandra · 2021

details

Footnote 99

n.99Website

What Kind of Offenses Are Handled in Municipal Court?

AskTheLawyers · 2020

details

Footnote 100

n.100Video

What Is the Difference Between Municipal Court, District Court and Federal Court?

Roth Davies Trial Lawyers · 2024

details

Footnote 103

n.103Website

Vision and Mission of Award-Winning Cities, Municipalities, and Local Governments around the World.

Tazein, Almas · 2021

details

Footnote 107

n.107Website

A Field Guide to Chambers of Commerce.

Aaron Renn · 2022

details